Timeline:
1964: Roy Ascott's "The Construction of Change" is published. Comments on New Media Art.
Summary:
- Roy Ascott = London-based artist. One of the first essays to create a link between cybernetics and art.
- Frank Popper = author of "Art of the Electronic Age." Popper distinguishes between participation and interaction in New Media Art.
- Popper defines participation as "a relationship between a spectator and an already existing open-ended art work" (127) and interaction as a exchange between a person and an AI system.
- Telematic art = communication between people in different locations. Ascott was a pioneer in the field.
- Ascott states that art is an intersection of the behavior of the artist's and the spectator's.
- Cybernetics = communication between man and machine via art
11. A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate
Summary:- Ted Nelson coined the term "hypertext" and created the concept that accompanies it.
- Chunk style hypertext (using links to move to new pages on the web) is a subtext of hypertext.
- For Nelson, hypertext was a way information was connected complexly in means not representable on paper
12. Six Sections by the Oulipo
Introduction:
- Workshop for Potential Literature (Oulipo) = group of writers working on experimental literature and ways of manipulating text
- Techniques include: lipogram (one letter of the alphabet can't be used) palindromes, algorithms (choose-your-own-adventure books)
- Key individuals: John Crombie "Yours for the Telling," Warren Motte "Story as You Like it," George Perec's La Disparation, Italo Calvino If On A Winter's Night a Traveler, Stanley Chapman A Hundred Thousand Billion Poems
- Computer-meditated textuality
A Hundred Thousand Billion Poems:
- Similar method to cut and paste, relies on serendipity
- In both French and English
- Creates a sonnet
"Yours for the Telling":
- Example of choose-your-own-adventure story
- Queneau = self proclaimed co founder of Oulipo
- Focuses on experimental literature - the group recorded and collected a history of experimental writing techniques to use and study
- Used these methods on some already existing texts
- Goal was more abstract than creating literature - to think about literature, language and the stories within a theoretical way.
Computer and Writer, The Centre Pompidou Experiment:
- Paul Braffort = logician, computer scientist and writer. Commissioned to educate public and other writers about a fusion of computer science and literature
- Combinatory Literature = Queneau's sonnet experiment
- Algorithm Literature = Queneau's create-your-own-adventure story
Prose and Anticombinatorics, Italo Calvino
- anticombinatory = among a large sample of options, a computer chooses the few possibilities that are compatible with corresponding constraints
- Order in Crime = example of anticombinatory
- Calvino walks through the options the methodology would map out therefore, alluding to multiple plot possibilities
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